Circle size reflects population; colour reflects the combined heat, flood and drought exposure index for that urban centre. Naples and Palermo carry the highest combined exposure of any centre in the four countries — well above Paris or Berlin, despite Italy's national debt and insurance-gap numbers not singling them out. Click any centre to see its summer average temperature change: every one of the 40 centres is measurably hotter now than a decade ago, comparing the five-year averages 2011–2015 and 2021–2025. Turin (+4.5°C) and Rome (+3.3°C) show the sharpest rise; no centre shows a decrease.
Source: GHS-UCDB R2024A, European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Population and GDP as of 2020/2025; hazard exposure indices as of 2015 (most recent available in this release). Summer temperature comparison via Open-Meteo (ERA5 reanalysis), five-year averages (June–August) for 2011–2015 vs. 2021–2025 to smooth out single-year weather variability. This data is static — refreshed manually, not live.